Islamic attitude and Rhinoplasty

Document Type : Original

Authors

1 Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.

3 Student of Pharmacology, International Pardis Pharmacology University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction:
Although the psychological aspects of rhinoplasty have been fully investigated in the medical literature, the religiosity of rhinoplasty candidates has not been taken into consideration.
Materials and Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, the religious attitudes of 157 rhinoplasty candidates were compared with those of 74 subjects who had not requested rhinoplasty. A domestic validated reliable questionnaire was completed by all subjects to classify them with respect to religious attitude. Other factors such as age, sex and economic and educational status were also taken into consideration. From the surgeon’s perspective, subjects were put into three categories: subjects who had a relative indication for rhinoplasty (Category.1), subjects with a well-defined nose based on accepted standards of facial aesthetic analysis (Category.2) and finally subjects with a severely deformed nose, such as deviated nose or nasal cleft lip deformity (Category.3).
 Results:
The mean age among subjects was 28.63 ± 7.05 years, and the majority were female (87%). The two groups of participants (those who did and did not express a desire for rhinoplasty) were analyzed from the point view of age, sex, economic and educational status. The economic and educational status of the two groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The religious score showed a significant difference between those who were interested in rhinoplasty (122.75±23.49) and those were not interested (138.78±21.85; P<0.001).
 Conclusion:
Religion may affect a patient’s decision to undergo rhinoplasty surgery, such that persons with a higher religious attitude tend to undertake it less often. However, individuals with major nasal deformities tend to decide undertake the surgery, irrespective of religious beliefs.
 
 
 

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Adams GR, La Voie JC. Parental expectations of educational and personal social performance of childbearing patterns as a function of attractiveness, sex,and conduct of the child.Child Study J.1973; 5:125.
2. Adams GR, LaVoie JC. The effect of student's sex, conduct, and facial attractiveness on teacher expectancy. Education. 1974; 95(1):76-8.
3. Clifford MM, Walster E. The effect of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations. Sociology of education. 1973; 46(2):248–58.
4. Corter C, Trehub S, Boukydis C, Ford L, Celhoffer L, Minde K. Nurses' judgments of the attractiveness of premature infants. Infant behavior and development. 1978;1:373–80.
5. Dion KK, Berscheid E. Physical attractiveness and peer perception among children. Sociometry. 1974; 37(1):1–12.
6. Walster E, Aronson V, Abrahams D, Rottman L. Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. J Personality Social Psychol. 1966;4:508.
7. Dion K, Berscheid E, Walster E. What is beautiful is good. J Personality Social Psychol. 1972;24:285.
8. Adamson PA, Litner JA. Psychologic aspects of revision rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2006;14:269–77.
9. Amodeo CA. The central role of the nose in the face and the psyche: review of the nose and the psyche. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2007;31:406–10.
10. Honigman RJ, Phillips KA, Castle DJ. A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:1229–37.
11. Castle DJ, Honigman RJ, Phillips KA. Does cosmetic surgery improve psychosocial wellbeing? Med J Aust. 2002;176:601–4.
12. Bronheim H, Strain JJ, Biller HF. Psychiatric aspects of head and neck surgery: Part I: New surgical techniques and psychiatric consequences. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1991;13:165–76.
13. Jensen S. The psychosocial dimensions of oral and maxillofacial surgery: a critical review of the literature. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:447–53.
14. Cooke Macgregor F. Social, psychological and cultural dimensions of cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery. Aesthetic plastic surgery1989;         13(1): 1-8.
15. Babuccu O, Latifoglu O, Atabay K, Oral N, Cosan B. Sociological aspects of rhinoplasty. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2003;27:44–9.
16. Atiyeh BS, Kadry M, Hayek SN, Musharafieh RS. Aesthetic surgery and religion: Islamic law perspective. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008;32:1–10.
17. Rastmanesh R, Gluck ME, Shadman Z. Comparison of body dissatisfaction and cosmetic rhinoplasty with levels of veil practicing in Islamic women. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:339–45.
18. Rispler-Chaim V. Islamic medical ethics in the 20th century. J Med Ethics. 1989;15:203–8.
19. Ypinazar VA, Margolis SA. Delivering culturally sensitive care: the perceptions of older Arabian Gulf Arabs concerning religion, health, and disease. Qual Health Res. 2006;16:773–87.
20. Daly J, Davidson P, Chang E, Hancock K, Rees D, Thompson DR. Cultural aspects of adjustment to coronary heart disease in Chinese‐Australians: a review of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 2002; 39: 391–9.
21. Maher P. A review of ‘traditional’ Aboriginal health beliefs. Aust J Rural Health. 1999;7:229–36.
22. Galanti G-A. Book: Caring for Muslim Patients. BMJ. 2001;322(7280):242.
23. Rassool GH. The crescent and Islam: healing, nursing and the spiritual dimension. Some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives on caring. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32:1476–84.
24. McAuley WJ, Pecchioni L, Grant JA. Personal accounts of the role of God in health and illness among older rural African American and White residents. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2000;15:13–35.
25. Nesabeh M. the role of religious attitude on mental health. Shiraz university master thesis. 2005.
26. Edgerton M, McClary A. Augmentation mammaplasty: psychiatric implications and surgical indications; (with special reference to use of the polyvinyl alcohol sponge ivalon). Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull. 1958;21:279–305.
27. Edgerton MT, Jacobson W, Meyer E. Surgical-psychiatric study of patients seeking plastic (cosmetic) surgery: ninety-eight consecutive patients with minimal deformity. Br J Plast Surg. 1961; 13:136–45.
28. Silver GA, Hill G. Psychodynamic and esthetic motivations for plastic surgery. Psychosom Med. 1950;12:345–55.
29. Meyer E, Jacobson WE, Edgerton MT, Canter A. Motivational Patterns in Patients Seeking Elective Plastic Surgery: I. Women Who Seek Rhinoplasty. Psychosomatic Med. 1960;22:193–201.
30. Gipson M, Connolly FH. The incidence of schizophrenia and severe psychological disorders in patients 10 years after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg. 1975;28:155–9.
31. Robin A, Copas J, Jack A, Kaeser A, Thomas P. Reshaping the psyche. The concurrent improvement in appearance and mental state after rhinoplasty. Br J Psychiatr. 1988;152:539–43.
32. Slator R, Harris DL. Are rhinoplasty patients potentially mad? Br J Plast Surg. 1992;45:307–10.
33. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. The psychology of cosmetic surgery: A review and reconceptualization. Clin Psychol Rev. 1998;18:1–22.
34. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surgery. 1998;101:1644–9.
35. Levin JS. How religion influences morbidity and health: reflections on natural history, salutogenesis and host resistance. Soc Sci Med. 1996; 43:849–64.
36. Carey JS. Cosmetic surgery: A theological comment. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989; 83(1):139-42. 
37. Al‐Hayani FA. Biomedical ethics: Muslim perspectives on genetic modification. Zygon. 2007; 42: 153–62.
38. Westreich M. Orthodox Jewish law (Halachah) and plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998; 102: 908–13.
39. Lee BY, Newberg AB. Religion and health: a review and critical analysis. Zygon. 2005;40:443–68.
40. Sazgar AA, Sadeghi M, Bakhshaee M, Darbandi S, Amali A, Ali MH. Religious Practices and Rhinoplasty in Iran. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130:223e–4e.
41. Husain W, Aziz N. The levels of body esteem among veiled and unveiled women. FWU J Social Sci. 2014;8:46.
42. Jacobs-Pilipski MJ, Winzelberg A, Wilfley DE, Bryson SW, Taylor CB. Spirituality among young women at risk for eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2005;6:293–300.
43. Kim KH. Religion, weight perception, and weight control behavior. Eat Behav. 2007;8:121–31.
44. Gluck ME, Geliebter A. Body image and eating behaviors in Orthodox and Secular Jewish women. J Gender Specif Med. 2001;5:19–24.
45. Furnham A, Levitas J. Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery. Can J Plast Surg. 2012;20:e47.