Auditory-Verbal Music Play Therapy: An Integrated Approach (AVMPT)
Sahar
Mohammad Esmaeilzadeh
Faculty of Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad , Iran
author
Shahla
Sharifi
Faculty of Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad , Iran
author
Hamid
Tayarani Niknezhad
PhD Student in Linguistics International Campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with one or more parts of the ear or ears and causes children to have a delay in the language-learning process. Hearing loss affects children's lives and their development. Several approaches have been developed over recent decades to help hearing-impaired children develop language skills. Auditory-verbal therapy (AVT) is one such approach. Recently, researchers have found that music and play have a considerable effect on the communication skills of children, leading to the development of music therapy (MT) and play therapy (PT). There have been several studies which focus on the impact of music on hearing-impaired children. The aim of this article is to review studies conducted in AVT, MT, and PT and their efficacy in hearing-impaired children. Furthermore, the authors aim to introduce an integrated approach of AVT, MT, and PT which facilitates language and communication skills in hearing-impaired children. Materials and Methods: In this article we review studies of AVT, MT, and PT and their impact on hearing-impaired children. To achieve this goal, we searched databases and journals including Elsevier, Chor Teach, and Military Psychology, for example. We also used reliable websites such as American Choral Directors Association and Joint Committee on Infant Hearing websites. The websites were reviewed and key words in this article used to find appropriate references. Those articles which are related to ours in content were selected. Results: Recent technologies have brought about great advancement in the field of hearing disorders. Now these impairments can be detected at birth, and in the majority of cases, hearing impaired children can develop fluent spoken language through audition. According to researches on the relationship between hearing impaired children’s communication and language skills and different approaches of therapy, it is known that learning through listening and musical plays have great impact on children's communication skills, so that they can successfully join the mainstream society. Conclusion: VT, MT, and PT enhance children’s communication and language skills from an early age. Each method has a meaningful impact on hearing loss, so by integrating them we have a comprehensive method in order to facilitate communication and language learning. To achieve this goal, the article offers methods and techniques to perform AVT and MT integrated with PT leading to an approach which offers all advantages of these three types of therapy.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
197
207
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1218_d8a6e2b45a9edd87b10edb42f09f4a16.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1218
The Effect of Local Injection of Epinephrine and Bupivacaine on Post-Tonsillectomy Pain and Bleeding
Ali Reza
Bameshki
Cardiac Anesthesia Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
Marzieh
Razban
Department of Otorhinolaryngolog, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Ehsan
Khadivi
Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
Majid
Razavi
Cardiac Anesthesia Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Mehdi
Bakhshaee
Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries in the world and the most common problem is post-tonsillectomy pain and bleeding. The relief of postoperative pain helps increase early food intake and prevent secondary dehydration. One method for relieving pain is peritonsillar injection of epinephrine along with an anesthetic, which has been shown to produce variable results in previous studies. Study Deign: Prospective case-control study. Setting: A tertiary referral centers with accredited otorhinolaryngology-head & neck surgery and anesthesiology department. Materials and Methods: Patients under 15 years old, who were tonsillectomy candidates, were assigned into one of three groups: placebo injection, drug injection before tonsillectomy, and drug injection after tonsillectomy. The amount of bleeding, intensity of pain, and time of first post-operative food intake were evaluated during the first 18 hours post operation. Results: The intensity of pain in the first 30 minutes after the operation was lower in the patients who received injections, but the difference was not significant during the first 18 hours. The intensity of pain on swallowing during the first 6 hours was also lower in the intervention groups as compared with the placebo group. The amount of bleeding during the first 30 minutes post operation was lower in the two groups who received injections, but after 30 minutes there was no difference. Conclusion: Injection of epinephrine and bupivacaine pre- or post- tonsillectomy is effective in reducing pain and bleeding. The treatment also decreases swallowing pain in the hours immediately after surgery.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
209
213
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1369_387942a5f9a142b1507eb3755f68e756.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1369
Comparison of Effectiveness of Betamethasone gel Applied to the Tracheal Tube and IV Dexamethasone on Postoperative sore Throat: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Masoomeh
Tabari
Department of Anesthesiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Ghasem
Soltani
Department of Anesthesiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Nahid
Zirak
Department of Anesthesiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Mohammad
Alipour
Department of Anesthesiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Kamran
Khazaeni
Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Postoperative sore throat is a common complaint in patients with endotracheal intubation and has potentially dangerous complications. This randomized controlled trial study investigated the incidence of postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia when betamethasone gel is applied to a tracheal tube compared with when IV dexamethasone is prescribed. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty five American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA)-class I and II patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation were randomly divided into three groups: betamethasone gel, intravenous (IV) dexamethasone, and control groups. In the post-anesthesia care unit, a blinded anesthesiologist interviewed all patients regarding postoperative sore throat at 1,6, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: The incidence of sore throat was significantly lower in the betamethasone gel group compared with the IV dexamethasone and control groups, 1, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. In the first day after surgery 10.7% of the betamethasone group had sore throat whereas 26.7% of the IV dexamethasone group and 30.7% of the control group had sore throat. Bucking before extubation was observed in 14(18.4%), 8(10.4%), and 9(12.2%) patients, in the IV dexamethasone, betamethasone gel, and control group, respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that wide spread application of betamethasone gel over tracheal tubes effectively mitigates postoperative sore throat, compared with IV dexamethasone application.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
215
219
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1219_a6fd39d1cb4b03715dab270a9c997610.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1219
Temporal Processing Evaluation in Tinnitus Patients: Results on Analysis of Gap in Noise and Duration Pattern Test
vahid
Mehdizade Gilani
Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Masumeh
Ruzbahani
Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Parvane
Mahdi
Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Amin
Amali
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Imam Khomeini Educational Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Mohammad hossein
Nilforush Khoshk
Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Jalal
Sameni
Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Alireza
Karimi Yazdi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Imam Khomeini Educational Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Hamed
Emami
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Imam Khomeini Educational Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Tinnitus is a perception of sound without external source. For complete assessment of tinnitus, central auditory processing abilities should be considered in addition to the routine psychological evaluation of tinnitus characteristics. Temporal processing is one of the important auditory skills that are necessary for complex higher level auditory processing. Materials and Methods: 20 tinnitus patients and 20 healthy volunteers without tinnitus, all with normal auditory thresholds (≤ 20 dBnHL), were enrolled in present study. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA), Tinnitus evaluation, Gap in Noise (GIN) test and Duration Pattern Test (DPT) were applied to all participants. Result: Analysis of GIN test revealed statistically significant increases in an approximate threshold value of gap detection in the patients group, both in right and left sides (P=0.007 and P=0.011, respectively). Comparison of percentage of correct responses in between two groups was also statistically meaningful in right and left ears (P=0.019 and P=0.026, respectively). The comparison of different parameters of DPT in two study groups revealed no significant differences in percentage of correct responses between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: GIN test results identified auditory temporal resolution difficulties in patients with tinnitus, meaning that in spite of normal auditory thresholds there may be some possibility of abnormality in central auditory processing functions.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
221
225
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1951_c0180a4709ea9cbcb4f39c60280d526e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1951
Auditory Temporal Processing Abilities in Early Azari-Persian Bilinguals
Roya
Sanayi
Department of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Ghassem
Mohamadkhani
Department of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Akram
Pourbakht
Department of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Leila
Jalilvand
Department of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Shohreh
Jalayi
Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
Soudabeh
Shokri
Department of Audiology, Faculty of rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Auditory temporal resolution and auditory temporal ordering are two major components of the auditory temporal processing abilities that contribute to speech perception and language development. Auditory temporal resolution and auditory temporal ordering can be evaluated by gap-in-noise (GIN) and pitch-pattern-sequence (PPS) tests, respectively. In this survey, the effect of bilingualism as a potential confounding factor on auditory temporal processing abilities was investigated in early Azari-Persian bilinguals. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional non-interventional study, GIN and PPS tests were performed on 24 (12 men and 12 women) early Azari-Persian bilingual persons and 24 (12 men and 12 women) Persian monolingual subjects in the age range of 18–30 years, with a mean age of 24.57 years in bilingual and 24.68 years in monolingual subjects. Data were analyzed with t-test using SPSS software version 16. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mean gap threshold and mean percentages of the correct response of the GIN test and average percentage of correct responses in the PPS test between early Azari-Persian bilinguals and Persian monolinguals (P≥0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, bilingualism did not have notable effect on auditory temporal processing abilities.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
227
232
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1154_7855f7c0e6923fac57fb229641034e4f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1154
Surgical Treatment of Otosclerosis: Eight years’ Experience at the Jordan University Hospital
Tareq
Mahafza
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan.
author
Abdelmonem
AL-Layla
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan.
author
Mohammed
Tawalbeh
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan.
author
Yagoub
Abu-yagoub
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan.
author
Ahmad Atwan
Sulaiman
Department of Public health, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: To report the experience of the Jordan University Hospital with respect to the surgical treatment of otosclerosis and to compare results and complications with published studies. Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent stapes surgery for otosclerosis at the Jordan University Hospital during the period January 2003 to December 2010 were reviewed. Results: Out of 130 patients who underwent stapes surgery, 104 (80%) fulfilled the criteria and were enrolled in this study. There were 68 (65.4%) females and 36 (34.6%) males (female-to-male ratio, 1.9: 1). The disease was bilateral in 86 (82.7%) patients. Family history for otosclerosis was positive in 37(35.6%) patients. Tinnitus was observed at presentation in 82 (78.8%) patients and spontaneously resolved or improved in 51(62.2%) patients after surgery. Air bone gap after surgery was ≤ 10 dB in 79 (76.0%) patients, between 10 and 20 dB in 10 (9.6%) patients, and between 20 and 30 dB in four (3.8%) patients. Complications occurred in 17(16.3%) patients, which included: one (1.0%) deaf ear, two (2.0%) sensorineural hearing loss, two (2.0%) facial nerve palsy, six (5.8%) vertigo lasting more than 7 days, three (2.9%) chorda tympani damage, one (1.0%) floating of footplate, and two (2.0%) perforation of the tympanic membrane. Conclusion: The results of this study are comparable with those reported in the literature by surgeons with the same level of experience, but below than those with large series experience. Therefore, we believe that an experienced general ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeon can perform stapes surgery safely and successfully in the absence of an otologist.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
233
238
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1220_25513180817f1d14e927156e596b6631.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1220
Which has a Greater Influence on Smile Esthetics Perception: Teeth or Lips?
Fahimeh
Farzanegan
Dental Material Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Arezoo
Jahanbin
Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Hadi
Darvishpour
Orthodontist, Tehran, Iran.
author
Soheil
Salari
Orthodontist, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of teeth and lips in the perception of smile esthetics. Materials and Methods: Thirty women, ranging between 20 and 30 years of age, all with Class I canine and molar relationships and no history of orthodontic treatment, were chosen. Five black and white photographs were taken of each participant in a natural head position while smiling. The most natural photo, demonstrating a social smile, was selected. Two other photographs were also taken from a dental frontal view of each subject using a retractor, as well as a lip-together smile. Three groups of judges including 20 orthodontists, 20 restorative specialists, and 20 laypersons were selected. The judges were then asked to confirm the esthetics of each picture on a visual analogue scale. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Results: For the orthodontists group, correlation between the scores given to the full smile and each of its components was significant (α=0.05), with equal correlation of each component with the full smile. In contrast to laypersons, the correlation between the scores given to the full smile and each of its components among restorative specialists was significant. Conclusion: For orthodontists and restorative specialists, esthetic details and the components of the smile (teeth and perioral soft tissues) were important in esthetics perception. In contrast, laypersons perceived no effect of esthetics detail or smile components.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
239
244
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1418_9b3e5fd2645133b3474012f13b2d9db0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1418
Giant Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor: Three Cases and a Literature Review
Alexandre
Caixeta Guimarães
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), São Paulo, Brazil.
author
Mariana
Dutra de Cassia Ferreira Santos
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), São Paulo, Brazil.
author
Guilherme Machado
de Carvalho
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), São Paulo, Brazil.
author
Carlos
Takahiro Chone
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), São Paulo, Brazil.
author
Leopoldo
Nizam Pfeilsticker
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), São Paulo, Brazil.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: A keratocystic odontogenic tumor is a benign intra-bone mass originating from dental lamina or its residue. It represents 2–11% of jaw cysts, and has a slow but aggressive growth. The evaluation of molecular characteristics, immunohistochemistry, and genetic expression currently have no established classification regarding the evolution and pathophysiologic pattern of these lesions. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical retrospective study with a full analysis of patient history regarding physical evaluation, radiologic images, pathology results, and surgical resection. We performed a major literature review concerning current concepts relating to its biological characterization. Results: Three cases of keratocystic odontogenic tumor were identified. Two of the cases were large, with aggressive behavior and significant bone destruction and recurrence, which had been overlooked for more than a decade. The third case had an early diagnosis, and the treatment led to full recovery and complete healing. Conclusion: The keratocystic odontogenic tumor is a benign lesion with slow growth, which lends itself to a more conservative treatment, even in cases of large lesions. A better understanding of these tumors, both at the biological and molecular level, could lead to guidelines for treatment and prognosis of such patients.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
245
251
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1232_4928c457c46e4ac7831ccbbc0ac12599.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1232
Laryngeal Leiomyosarcoma, A Case Report and Review of Articles
Ehsan
Khadivi
Department of Otorhinolarngology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
author
Mohammad Hossein
Taziky
Department of Otorhinolarngology, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
author
Amir Hossein
Jafarian
Department of Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
Masoud
Nasseri Sadr
Department of Otorhinolarngology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Laryngeal leiomysarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy originating from smooth muscle cells. Its rarity is due to the fact that only less than 50 cases of pure laryngeal leiomyosarcoma and less than 10 cases of hypopharyngeal leiomyosarcaoma have been reported in modern medical literature. Even though the clinical presentation mimics that of a laryngeal carcinoma forming the major bulk of the laryngeal malignancies, the difference in management, warrants an accurate diagnosis. An accurate histological diagnosis may be difficult; but supplementing by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining, the diagnosis can be reached certainly. We reported a case of this very rare malignancy presenting in the supraglottic region by highlighting the clinical features, histological and radiological diagnosis and management of this extremely rare malignant entity.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
253
257
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_793_4ecf5b0994c40787a715ce8fa68f91d0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.793
A Bilateral Tessier Number 4 and 5 Facial Cleft and Surgical Strategy: A Case Report
Shahin
Abdollahi Fakhim
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
author
Nikzad
Shahidi
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
author
text
article
2013
eng
Introduction: Tessier facial cleft is among the rarest facial clefts reported in literatures and there are many issues arguing about its multidisciplinary repairing techniques. Tessier number 4 and 5 are extremely rare facial anomalies. There are few literatures describing these clefts and their surgical modalities. Number 5 Tessier cleft begins medial to oral commissure in the upper lip and extends superiorly as a groove through the cheek and ends at the middle third of lower eyelid. Bonny involvement consists of alveolar ridge, maxillary bone lateral to infra orbital foramen and orbits lower rim and floor. Number 4 Tessier facial cleft begins between cupid bow and oral commissure; skirting the nose and pass through cheek and lateral to lacrimal duct. Bonny involvement consists of alveolar ridge, maxillary bone medial to infra orbital foramen and orbital rim and floor. Case Report: This paper represents a patient with bilateral number 4 and 5 Tessier cleft lip with unilateral complete cleft palate and surgical approach on her. Conclusion: We recommended early repair using autogenously tissues and minimal discarding healthy tissues as possible.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
259
262
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_792_af39a4bcc82b0c2d51bfe49c8e403c26.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.792
Bilateral Schwartze Sign, Decision-Making for Surgery
Morteza
Nourollahian
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Imam Reza Hospital. Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
author
Shirin
Irani
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2013
eng
Otosclerosis is an otic capsule disorder that leads to progressive conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss due to stapes footplate fixation and cochlear bone involvement. The disorder is bilateral in 70% of patients and it usually starts between the third and fifth decade. One of its characteristic clinical findings is Schwartze sign which refers to a reddish discoloration over the promontory seen beyond the intact tympanic membrane. Schwartze sign, also known as Flemingo's flush sign or Rising sun sign is believed to be associated with otospongiosis which is the active phase of the disease. The prevalence of Schwartze sign is estimated to be 10%. The prevalence of bilateral sign has not been reported, but it is presumed to be too low. Herein, we introduce a patient with bilateral positive Schwartze sign. A twenty two year old woman with bilateral hearing loss came to our clinic. She also complained from non pulsating tinnitus in both ears since one year ago. On physical examination, bilateral schwartze sign with an intact tympanic membrane was noted (Fig.1). The audiometric evaluation showed a conductive hearing loss with speech reception threshold of 50 dB and 30 dB for the right and left ear respectively. Sodium fluoride 8mg every 8 hours was prescribed for three months. She noticed partial improvement during the treatment and on her otoscopic exam, the Schwartze sign was reduced. Then stapedotomy was scheduled for the right ear (the worse ear in regard to the hearing & tinnitus). The surgery went uneventful and she proved to be much better afterwards. Her right ear tinnistus has gone completely and the speech reception threshold has changed from 45 dB preoperatively to 10 dB postoperatively. It seems that the surgery remains a therapeutic option, when the active phase of the disease is stabilized even following a short course of pharmacologic therapy.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)
2251-7251
25
v.
4
no.
2013
263
263
https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_1570_336849c098e82a3f72ec8b179bd3605c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijorl.2013.1570