Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

Evaluation of Olfactory Function by Iranian Smell Diagnostic Test in Patients with Parkinson's disease in North of Iran

Document Type : Original

Authors
Keyvan Kiakojuri 1
Leila Pouladi 2
Payam Saadat 3
Alijan Ahmadiahangar 3
Hemmat Gholinia 1
1 Clinical Research Development Center, Rohani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
3 Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
10.22038/ijorl.2021.50564.2688
Abstract
Introduction:
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative and multisystem disorder affecting systems more than the motor system. The olfactory disorder is an early non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease.
Materials and Methods:
The present study was conducted on 110 patients aged 50-95 years with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease referred to the Neurology Clinic of Babol University of Medical Sciences between  2018-2019. The control group consisted of 50-95-year-old non-neurological patients who were matched for age and gender with patients with Parkinson's disease. Data were collected by examination, demographic and clinical information questionnaire (duration of disease, the severity of disease, symptom index), as well as Iranian smell diagnostic test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
The mean age scores of Parkinson's disease and control groups were obtained at 69±9 and 66±9 years, respectively. The mean duration of the disease was 5 years. Patients with Parkinson's disease scored lower on the Iranian smell test, and olfactory function was significantly reduced in the case group (p <0.001). Based on the results, olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease was not significantly correlated with gender, marital status, education, place of residence, and occupation(p <0.05). Only olfactory dysfunction was increased with age (P=0.01). In addition, olfactory dysfunction showed no significant relationship with severity of disease, duration of disease, and clinical index sign. Rapid Iranian smell test with a cut-off of 3.5% had a sensitivity of 87.3% and a specificity of 66.4%.
Conclusion:
According to the obtained results,olfactory dysfunction is an important non-motor and a primary symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease and is not related to the duration and severity of motor symptoms and symptom index.
Keywords
Olfactory dysfunction
Olfactory
Parkinson's disease
Severity of Parkinson's disease
  1. Bene R, Antic S, Budisic M, Lisak M, Trkanjec Z, Demarin V. Podobnik-Sarkanji, S. Parkinson's disease. Acta clinica Croatica, 2009, 48, 377-80.
  2. Tysnes, O. B.; Storstein, A. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2017, 124, 901-905.
  3. Kouli, A.; Torsney, K. M.; Kuan, W. L., Parkinson's Disease: Etiology, Neuropathology, and Pathogenesis. In Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects, Stoker, T. B.; Greenland, J. C., Eds. Codon Publications Copyright: The Authors.: Brisbane (AU), 2018.
  4. Xiao, Q.; Chen, S.; Le, W. Hyposmia: a possible biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience bulletin, 2014, 30, 134-40.
  5. Fullard, M. E.; Morley, J. F.; Duda, J. E. Olfactory Dysfunction as an Early Biomarker in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience bulletin, 2017, 33, 515-525.
  6. Tarakad, A.; Jankovic, J. Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease. International review of neurobiology, 2017, 133, 541-556.
  7. Doty, R. L. Olfaction in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Neurobiology of disease, 2012, 46, 527-52.
  8. Doty, R. L.; Deems, D. A.; Stellar, S. Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism: a general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration. Neurology, 1988, 38, 1237-44.
  9. Tissingh, G.; Berendse, H. W.; Bergmans, P.; DeWaard, R.; Drukarch, B.; Stoof, J. C.; Wolters, E. C. Loss of olfaction in de novo and treated Parkinson's disease: possible implications for early diagnosis. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2001, 16, 41-6.
  10. Masala, C.; Solla, P.; Liscia, A.; Defazio, G.; Saba, L.; Cannas, A.; Cavazzana, A.; Hummel, T.; Haehner, A. Correlation among olfactory function, motors' symptoms, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of neurology, 2018, 265, 1764-1771.
  11. Doty, R. L.; Bromley, S. M.; Stern, M. B. Olfactory testing as an aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: development of optimal discrimination criteria. Neurodegeneration : a journal for neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration, 1995, 4, 93-7.
  12. Iijima M, Kobayakawa T, Saito S, Osawa M, Tsutsumi Y, Hashimoto S, et al. Smell identification in Japanese Parkinson's disease patients: using the odor stick identification test for Japanese subjects. Internal medicine (Tokyo,Japan),2008, 47, 1887-92.
  13. Silveira-Moriyama, L.; Carvalho Mde, J.; Katzenschlager, R.; Petrie, A.; Ranvaud, R.; Barbosa, E. R.; Lees, A. J. The use of smell identification tests in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in Brazil. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2008, 23, 2328-34.
  14. Vengalil, S.; Agadi, J. B.; Raghavendra, K. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India,2016, 64,         32-36.
  15. Taherkhani S, Moztarzadeh F, Seraj JM, Nazari SSH , Taherkhani F , Gharedaghi J , etal. Iran Smell Identification Test ( Iran-SIT): a Modified Version of the University of pennsylvania Smell Identification Test ( UPSIT) for Iranian Population. Chemosensory perception. 2015; 8(4): 183-91
  16. Cavaco S, Goncalves A, Mendes A, vila-cha N ,Moreira I ,Fernandes , et al. Abnormal Olfaction in Parkinson’s Disease Is Related to Faster Disease Progression.Behavioral neurology. 2015;9,190-95.
  17. Stern MB, Doty R, Dotti M, Corcoran P, Crawford D, McKeown D, et al. Olfactory function in Parkinson's disease subtypes. Neurology. 1994;44(2):266-270.
  18. Iijima M, Kobayakawa T, Saito S, Osawa M, Tsutsumi Y, Hashimoto S, et al. Smell identification in Japanese Parkinson's disease patients: using the odor stick identification test for Japanese subjects. Internal Medicine. 2008;47(21):1887-92
  19. Picillo M, Pellecchia MT, Erro R, Amboni M, Vitale C, Iavarone A, et al. The use of University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease in Italy. Neurological Sciences. 2014;35(3):379-83.

 

 

Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Volume 33, Issue 5
September and October 2021
Pages 271-279