Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

Risk Factors for Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Document Type : Original

Authors
Benny Mart Sani 1
Andrina Yunita Murni Rambe 2
Ashri Yudhistira 2
Siti Nursiah 2
M. Pahala Hanafi Harahap 2
Taufik Ashar 3
1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. Mansur No. 5, Medan, 20155, INDONESIA.
2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. Mansur No. 5, Medan, 20155, INDONESIA
3 Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No. 21, Medan, 20155, INDONESIA
10.22038/ijorl.2024.78347.3647
Abstract
Introduction:
Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) often experience olfactory dysfunction; however, the relationship between disease duration and comorbidities remains unclear.
 
Materials and Methods:
An analytical observational study was conducted at the Endocrinology and Metabolic Polyclinicof the H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan. The study included 66 patients with type 2 DM who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected from medical records, questionnaires, routine ENT examinations, and the Sniffin' Sticks Test (P<0.05).
 
Results:
No significant relationship was observed between sex and olfactory function in patients with type 2 DM. However, a significant correlation was observed between age and the olfactory function score         (P = 0.012) as well as between the duration of type 2 DM and the olfactory function score (P= 0.005). There was no significant difference in olfactory function scores between patients with type 2 DM with and without comorbidities.
 
Conclusions:
This study revealed that increasing age and the duration of type 2 DM correlated with declining olfactory function. However, no differences were observed in olfactory function between patients with type 2 DM with and without comorbidities. These findings provide additional insights into the factors that influence olfactory function in patients with type 2 DM.
Keywords
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Olfactory Function
Aging
Disease Duration
Comorbidities
Sniffin' Sticks Test
Subjects
  1. Ministry of Health RI. Infodatin stay productive, prevent and overcome Diabetes Mellitus 2020. Data and Information Center of the Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2020. p. 1-10.
  2. Pouwer F, Speight J. Diabetes mellitus, type 2. In: Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine: Third Edition. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. p. 481–2.
  3. Gouveri E, Papanas N. Olfactory dysfunction: A complication of diabetes or a factor that complicates glucose metabolism? a narrative review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021.
  4. Kaya KS, Mazı EE, Demir ST, Tetik F, Tuna M, Turgut S. Relationship between progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and olfactory function. Am J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Med Surg [Internet]. 2020; 41(2): 102365. Available from: https:/ /doi.org/ 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102365
  5. Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory Disorders and Quality of Life--An Updated Review. Chem Senses. 2019 Mar;39(3):185–94.
  6. Zaghloul H, Pallayova M, Al-Nuaimi O, Hovis KR, Taheri S. Association between diabetes mellitus and olfactory dysfunction: current perspectives and future directions. Diabet Med. 2018;35(1):41–52.
  7. Doty RL. Epidemiology of smell and taste dysfunction [Internet]. 1st ed. Vol. 164, Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.; 2019. 3–13 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00001-0
  8. Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology. 2019;54:1–30.
  9. Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V. A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes. 2021; 14:3567–602.
  10. Carstensen B, Rønn PF, Jørgensen ME. Prevalence, incidence and mortality of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Denmark 1996-2016. BMJ open diabetes Res care. 2020;8(1):1–9.
  11. Sattar N, Rawshani A, Franzén S, Rawshani A, Svensson AM, Rosengren A, et al. Age at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Associations With
  12. Cardiovascular and Mortality Risks: Findings From the Swedish National Diabetes Registry. Circulation. 2019;139(19):2228–37.
  13. Piko P, Werissa NA, Fiatal S, Sandor J, Adany R. Impact of genetic factors on the age of onset for type 2 diabetes mellitus in addition to the conventional risk factors. J Pers Med. 2021;11(1):1–17.
  14. Gouveri E, Katotomichelakis M, Gouveris H, Danielides V, Maltezos E, Papanas N. Olfactory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An additional manifestation of microvascular disease? Angiology. 2014;
  15. Akın S, Bölük C. Prevalence of comorbidities in patients with type–2 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes [Internet]. 2020 Oct;14(5):431–4. Available from: https:/ /linkinghub. elsevier.com/ retrieve/ pii/S1751991819303791
  16. Seraj JM, Seraj SM, Zakeri H, Bidar Z, Hashemi S, Parsa FM, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in Iranian diabetic patients. Acta Med Iran. 2015;
  17. Gouveri E, Katotomichelakis M, Gouveris H, Danielides V, Maltezos E, Papanas N. Olfactory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An additional manifestation of microvascular disease? Angiology. 2014;65(10):869–76.
  18. Lubis R. The Relationship of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Sensory Function. North Sumatra Univ. 2018;
  19. Yao X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Dai F, et al. Age at diagnosis, diabetes duration and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;
  20. Gallo S, Byham-Gray L, Duffy VB, Hoffman HJ, Hayes JE, Rawal S. Associations of olfactory dysfunction with anthropometric and cardiometabolic measures: Findings from the 2013–2014 national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). Physiol Behav. 2020; 215: 112702.
  21. Roh D, Lee DH, Kim SW, Kim SW, Kim BG, Kim DH, et al. The association between olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in middle-aged and older adults. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–10.
  22. Livingston JN, Linger JW, Moxley RT, Moss A. Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in the CNS of obese zucker rats are decreased in the absence of changes in the insulin receptor. Neuroendocrinology. 1993;57(3):481–8.
  23. Lietzau G, Davidsson W, Östenson CG, Chiazza F, Nathanson D, Pintana H, et al. Type 2 diabetes impairs odour detection, olfactory memory and olfactory neuroplasticity; effects partly reversed by the DPP-4 inhibitor Linagliptin. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2018;6(1):1–15.
Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Volume 36, Issue 6
November and December 2024
Pages 655-661